I raro i te awha nui, kua noho te "paerewa kawenga hihiri" o ngā wāhanga hei whakaaro nui mō te haumaru mō ngā teihana hiko.

I ngā tau tata nei, kua pāngia ngā rohe takutai tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Haina e ngā pānga o ngā awhiowhio maha, ā, he nui ngā mate ōhanga i pā ki te mahi whakaputa me te oranga o ia rā nā ngā āhuatanga kino o te rangi. Nā te huringa āhuarangi kua piki ake te maha o ngā awhiowhio kaha me ngā āhuatanga huarere kaha, ā, kua hua ake he maha ngā pakaru o te hanganga o te teihana hiko photovoltaic (PV), te hurihanga o te kōwae, me te pakaru o ngā wāhanga nā ngā "kapiti huna." Nā ngā ia au pēnei i te pikinga o te rahi o te kōwae me ngā pēhanga arotau utu, kei te anga whakamua te ātete kawenga miihini me te pono mō te wā roa o ngā kōwae PV. Nō reira, kua noho ko te tutuki i ngā paerewa kawenga hihiri hei whakarite i te haumaru me te mahi mō te wā roa o ngā whakaurunga pūngao rā.

I tēnei wā, kei te piki haere te kanorau me te uaua o ngā taiao whakahaere mō ngā teihana hiko PV i ngā rohe hau nui, mai i ngā rohe e pāngia ana e ngā awhiowhio ki te takutai ki ngā ara hau o uta, he rerekē ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi o ia ara. I raro i te paerewa IEC 61215 o nāianei—e tohu ana i te āhua whakamātautau o te ±1000 Pa mō te 1,000 huringa—ko te kaha ātete hau o ngā waeine PV e rite ana ki te tere hau o te 130 km/h (36.1 m/s), he rite ki te awhiowhio Kāwai 12 i te tauine Saffir-Simpson. Heoi, i roto i ngā huihuinga awhiowhio tūturu, ka taea e ngā hau roa e tata ana ki te pokapū awhiowhio te eke ki ngā Kāwai 14–15. Nō reira, kāore ngā kawa whakamātautau o nāianei e pai ki te whakatauira i ngā pānga hononga ngenge hau hihiri me te wiri-hau o te ao tūturu. Ahakoa ngā waeine kua paahitia te tiwhikete IEC, ka pāngia tonu pea e te kino i raro i ngā āhuatanga hau tino kino.

Hei tāpiri atu, ko ngā whakamātautau pūmau me ngā whakamātautau hihiri tikanga kua tautuhia i roto i ngā paerewa IEC he tikanga tirotiro tuatahi noa iho, ā, kāore e tino whakatauira i ngā pānga ngenge tāpiri i puta mai i te roanga o te wā e pāngia ana e ngā hau kaha puta noa i te roanga o te ora ratonga o te kōwae. He iti noa ngā taumata ahotea me ngā tatau huringa iti i roto i ēnei whakamātautau, ā, kāore e taea te whakaaro ki ngā kawenga hau nui me ngā whakaritenga roa mō te roanga o te ora mahi mō te 25 tau, neke atu rānei. Ka puta mai i tēnei āputa he mōrearea kounga pea ka whakararu i te mahi haumaru me te pono o ngā pūnaha PV puta noa i tō rātou huringa ora, ā, ka pā ki te uara o te kaiwhakamahi mutunga me te hokinga mai o te haumi.

I runga i te rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga o te hau puta noa i ngā rohe matawhenua rerekē, he mea nui kia whakanuia te kaha o ngā waeine PV ki te kawe kawenga. Kāore e ranea te ariā tuku iho o te "paerewa ātete hau" kotahi hei whakarite i te whakatinanatanga haumaru puta noa i ngā horopaki tono rerekē. Engari, me wehewehe anō ngā whakatauranga kawenga waeine i runga i ngā āhuatanga taiao motuhake me ngā kōtaha mōrearea rohe.

I te ao whānui, kua whakatinanahia e ngā whenua tae atu ki te Hononga o Amerika, ngā whenua o Ūropi, me Hapani ngā whakaritenga kawenga hihiri tino kaha ake mō ngā rohe hau nui. Hei tauira, e taunaki ana te pūnaha tiwhikete UL i te US i ngā tawhā whakamātautau tāpiri o te ±1500 Pa mō ngā huringa 10,000 mō ngā rohe pēnei i a Florida me te Takutai Moana-a-Kiwa, te wāhi e puta pinepine ai ngā hau taumata-āwhiowhio. Waihoki, kei roto i te kaupapa Whakamātautau Pono Whakawhanui (ERT) a TÜV Rheinland ngā whakamātautau kawenga hihiri whakarei ake—pēnei i te ±1600 Pa mō ngā huringa 12,000—i hangaia mō te whakamahi i ngā rohe e pāngia ana e te awha me ngā hau nui pēnei i te Moana-a-Kiwa me te Moana-a-Paratiki i roto i a Ūropi. E whakaatu ana ngā taunakitanga wheako ko te tango i ngā paerewa kawenga hihiri teitei—te tikanga ±1500 Pa mō ngā huringa 10,000—i roto i ēnei rohe kua tino whakaiti i ngā reiti rahunga me ngā kino o te mara, ā, nā reira ka whakapai ake i te haumaru mahi whānui me te roa o te ora o ngā whakaurunga PV.

I roto i te horopaki āhuarangi hurihuri o te ao i ēnei rā, kāore te manawanui kawenga hihiri o ngā waeine PV e waiho hei āhuatanga hangarau whiriwhiri engari he mea nui hei whakatau i te haumaru o ngā tipu me te mahi pūtea mō te wā roa. Hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia e whanake haere ana o te umanga, he mea nui te auahatanga hangarau tonu me te whakapai haere i ngā paerewa o te ao. Mā te whakapainga whānui i te kounga o te hua me te pakari o te whakamātautau ka taea e ngā teihana hiko PV te pupuri i te pono o te hanganga me te pono o te mahi i roto i ngā taiao kore e taea te matapae, kia puta ai he uara pumau, roa hoki ki ngā kiritaki mutunga.